S27E62: Earth's New Neighbor: Unveiling Speculus-3b in the Cosmic Backyard

[00:00:00] This is SpaceTime, Series 27 Episode 62, for broadcast on the 22nd of May 2024.

[00:00:07] Coming up on SpaceTime, a new Earth-sized world found orbiting a nearby ultra-cool star,

[00:00:14] discovery of a stellar slow lane on the Milky Way's outer edge,

[00:00:18] and trying to reveal dark matter's ghostly effect on stellar streams.

[00:00:23] All that and more coming up on SpaceTime.

[00:00:27] Welcome to SpaceTime with Stuart Gary.

[00:00:32] Astronomers have discovered a new Earth-sized planet orbiting an ultra-cool red dwarf star just 55 light years away.

[00:00:54] The findings, reported in the journal Nature Astronomy, represent only the second Earth-like exoplanet

[00:00:59] discovered orbiting a spectrotype M red dwarf,

[00:01:02] the other being Proxima b, which is 1.07 times the mass of the Earth

[00:01:07] and orbits the nearest star to the Sun, Proxima Centauri, located just 4.265 light years away.

[00:01:13] This newly discovered world, called Speculoos 3b,

[00:01:17] takes around 17 hours to complete each orbit around its host star, Speculoos 3.

[00:01:22] Now being a red dwarf, the star has just half the surface temperature of the Sun

[00:01:26] and just a tenth of the Sun's mass and only one hundredth of the Sun's luminosity.

[00:01:31] The study's authors say days and nights on Speculoos 3b would be endless.

[00:01:35] That's because the planet's likely to be tidally locked to its host star,

[00:01:39] so that one side's always facing the star and the other side's in perpetual darkness.

[00:01:44] It's the same as our Moon being tidally locked to the Earth, with the same side always facing our planet.

[00:01:50] The discovery of this new exoplanet was made by the Search for Planets Eclipsing Ultra-Cool Stars, or Speculoos project.

[00:01:57] It was established to search for exoplanets orbiting ultra-cool dwarf stars

[00:02:01] using a network of robotic telescopes around the world.

[00:02:04] Red dwarfs are the most common types of stars in the known universe.

[00:02:08] In fact, they make up around 75% of all the stars in the Milky Way.

[00:02:12] Trouble is, they're very faint and scattered across the sky,

[00:02:16] so astronomers need to observe data from telescopes over several weeks,

[00:02:19] monitoring each star individually in order to detect a transiting planet.

[00:02:23] That is, a planet passing in front of the star, blocking out some of its light,

[00:02:27] as seen from Earth, as a sudden dip in starlight and then a return to normal.

[00:02:32] The study's lead author, Michael Gillen from the University of Liege,

[00:02:35] says it was their prototype equipment for Speculoos which discovered the famous TRAPPIST-1 system,

[00:02:40] which is made up of seven Earth-sized planets, several of them potentially habitable.

[00:02:45] So why specialize in looking for spectrotype M red dwarfs, other than the fact they're so common?

[00:02:51] Well, they're far cooler and smaller than the Sun,

[00:02:54] and so burn through their nuclear fuel supplies really slowly.

[00:02:58] In fact, as far as we know, throughout the entire 13.8 billion year history of the universe,

[00:03:03] no red dwarf star has lived long enough yet to run out of fuel.

[00:03:08] They're expected to keep shining for trillions of years,

[00:03:11] thereby lasting long enough to become the final stars shining in the cosmos.

[00:03:16] And scientists believe it's this long lifespan which offers opportunities

[00:03:21] for life to develop on planets orbiting such stars.

[00:03:25] But there is a problem.

[00:03:26] These stars are also very violent, often erupting with powerful stellar flares

[00:03:30] capable of irradiating the surface of any nearby planets.

[00:03:34] Still, the Speculoos team believe it's worth a look.

[00:03:37] They'll now be looking for telescope time on the Webb Space Telescope

[00:03:40] in order to study this particular planet in greater detail,

[00:03:43] providing important insights into its surface mineralogy

[00:03:46] and the potential the planet have in atmosphere.

[00:03:49] Needless to say, we'll let you know what they find.

[00:03:53] This is Space Time.

[00:03:55] Still to come, a stellar slow lane on the Milky Way's outer edge

[00:03:59] and a new observatory to reveal dark matter's ghostly effect on stellar streams.

[00:04:04] All that and more still to come on Space Time.

[00:04:23] A new study suggests that stars orbiting along the outer edge of the Milky Way's disk

[00:04:27] are travelling more slowly than those orbiting closer towards the centre.

[00:04:31] The findings reported in the monthly notices of the Royal Society

[00:04:35] raise the surprising possibility that the Milky Way's gravitational core

[00:04:39] might be lighter in mass and contain less dark matter than previously thought.

[00:04:43] The new results are based on analysis of data taken by the Gaia and Apogee instruments.

[00:04:48] Gaia is an orbiting space telescope.

[00:04:51] It tracks the precise location, distance and proper motion across the sky

[00:04:56] of more than a billion stars throughout the Milky Way galaxy.

[00:04:59] The Apache Point Observatory's Galactic Evolution Experiment, or Apogee,

[00:05:03] is a ground-based survey measuring extremely detailed properties

[00:05:07] of more than 700,000 stars in the Milky Way,

[00:05:10] such as their brightness, their temperature and their elemental composition.

[00:05:14] The study's authors analyse Gaia's measurements for more than 33,000 stars,

[00:05:18] including some of the furthest, most distant stars in the galaxy.

[00:05:22] They determine each star's circular velocity,

[00:05:25] that is how fast the star is circling in the galactic disk,

[00:05:28] given the star's distance from the galaxy's centre.

[00:05:31] The authors then plotted each star's velocity against its distance

[00:05:34] to generate a rotational curve.

[00:05:37] The shape of this curve should give scientists an idea

[00:05:40] of just how much visible and dark matter there is distributed throughout the galaxy.

[00:05:44] One of the study's authors, Lena Nesib, says the team were surprised

[00:05:47] to see the curve remain flat out to a certain distance,

[00:05:50] and then it started tanking.

[00:05:53] This means the outer stars are orbiting a little slower than expected,

[00:05:56] which is a surprising find.

[00:05:59] The team translated the new rotational curve to the distribution of dark matter

[00:06:02] that could explain the outer star's slowdown,

[00:06:05] and they found the resulting map produced a lighter galactic core than expected.

[00:06:09] In other words, the centre of the Milky Way may be less dense

[00:06:12] with less dark matter than scientists had previously thought.

[00:06:15] Nesib says this puts the results in tension with other measurements.

[00:06:19] It means there's something strange going on somewhere,

[00:06:23] and scientists need to figure out what it is and where

[00:06:26] in order to have a more coherent picture of our Milky Way galaxy.

[00:06:29] Like most galaxies, the Milky Way spins like water in a whirlpool,

[00:06:32] and its rotation is driven in part by all the matter that swirls within its disk.

[00:06:38] Back in the 1970s, astronomer Vera Rubin was the first to observe

[00:06:41] that galaxies rotate in ways that cannot be driven purely by visible matter.

[00:06:47] She and her colleagues measured the circular velocity of stars

[00:06:50] and found that the resulting rotation curves were surprisingly flat.

[00:06:54] That is, the velocity of the stars remained the same throughout the galaxy

[00:06:57] rather than dropping off with distance.

[00:07:00] They concluded that some mysterious type of invisible matter

[00:07:03] must be acting on distant stars to give them the additional push.

[00:07:07] Rubin's work in rotation curves is one of the first strong pieces of evidence

[00:07:10] for the existence of dark matter,

[00:07:13] an invisible unknown entity that's estimated to make up

[00:07:17] maybe 80% of all the mass in the universe.

[00:07:21] In other words, everything we see and know about our universe,

[00:07:24] from stars, planets and nebulae through to cars, people, trees,

[00:07:27] dogs, cats and houses, only makes up 20% at most

[00:07:31] of the universe's total mass.

[00:07:34] Since Rubin's work, astronomers have found similar flat curves

[00:07:37] in other far-off galaxies, further supporting the existence of dark matter.

[00:07:42] But only recently have astronomers attempted to chart the rotation curve

[00:07:45] of our own galaxy with stars.

[00:07:48] Trouble is, it turns out it would be really hard to measure a rotation curve

[00:07:51] when you're sitting inside the galaxy you're trying to study.

[00:07:55] In 2019, astronomers charted the Milky Way's rotation curve

[00:07:58] using an earlier batch of data released by the Gaia satellite.

[00:08:02] That data release included stars as far out as 81,000 light-years

[00:08:06] from the galactic centre.

[00:08:09] Based on these data, the team observed that the Milky Way's rotation curve

[00:08:12] appeared to be flat, although with a slight decline similar to that

[00:08:15] in other far-off galaxies, and therefore by inference,

[00:08:18] our galaxy likely bore a high density of dark matter in its core.

[00:08:22] But thanks to new Gaia data, this view has now shifted.

[00:08:26] A new batch of data includes stars as far out as 100,000 light-years

[00:08:30] from the galactic core.

[00:08:33] And at these distances, astronomers are looking at the very edge of the galaxy

[00:08:36] where the stars start to peter out into intergalactic space.

[00:08:40] And up until now, no one's explored how matter moves around

[00:08:43] in this outer galaxy region.

[00:08:46] So Gaia's new data is expanding on that initial rotation curve.

[00:08:50] To refine their analysis further, the authors complemented

[00:08:53] the Gaia data with measurements by Apogee.

[00:08:56] They estimated the precise distances of more than 33,000 stars.

[00:09:00] And they used these measurements to generate a three-dimensional map

[00:09:04] of the stars scattered across the Milky Way out to a distance

[00:09:07] of around 100,000 light-years.

[00:09:10] They then incorporated this map into a model of circular velocity

[00:09:13] in order to simulate how fast any one star must be travelling,

[00:09:16] given the distribution of all the other stars in the galaxy.

[00:09:20] They then plotted each star's velocity and distance on a chart

[00:09:23] to produce an updated rotation curve of the Milky Way.

[00:09:27] Instead of seeing a mild decline like previous rotation curves,

[00:09:30] the authors observed that the new curve dipped far more strongly

[00:09:33] than expected at the outer end.

[00:09:36] The expected downturn suggests that while stars may travel just as fast

[00:09:39] out to a certain distance, they then suddenly slow down

[00:09:42] at the furthest distances.

[00:09:45] The stars at the outskirts of our galaxy appear to be travelling

[00:09:48] a lot slower than expected.

[00:09:51] When the team translated this rotation curve to the amount of dark matter

[00:09:54] that must exist throughout the galaxy, they found that the Milky Way's core

[00:09:57] contains less dark matter than previously estimated.

[00:10:00] Understanding the new results will have deep repercussions.

[00:10:03] It might lead to more hidden masses just beyond the edge of the galactic disk,

[00:10:06] or a complete reconsideration of the state of equilibrium

[00:10:09] of our galaxy.

[00:10:12] This is Space Time.

[00:10:15] Still to come, revealing dark matter's ghostly effect on stellar streams,

[00:10:18] and later in the Science Report, a new study confirms

[00:10:21] the iconic Boab trees originated in Madagascar.

[00:10:24] All that and more still to come on Space Time.

[00:10:27] Well let's stick with our theme of dark matter for a moment,

[00:10:44] and the Viracy Rubin Observatory may well hold the answers

[00:10:47] to exactly what dark matter is.

[00:10:50] The telescope will provide astronomers with stunningly new

[00:10:53] detailed images that will illuminate distant stellar streams

[00:10:56] and their past encounters with a mysterious invisible substance.

[00:10:59] As we mentioned earlier, dark matter makes up more than 80%

[00:11:02] of all the matter in the universe.

[00:11:05] Scientists know it exists because they can look at it

[00:11:08] with normal so-called baryonic matter,

[00:11:11] but they have no idea what it is.

[00:11:14] So to try and find out, they're using a variety of different

[00:11:17] indirect methods to investigate its properties.

[00:11:20] Some, like weak gravitational lensing, can map the distribution

[00:11:23] of dark matter on large scales across the universe.

[00:11:26] Observing stellar streams, glittering threads of stars

[00:11:29] around the Milky Way, allows astronomers to probe a different

[00:11:32] aspect of dark matter because they can see it in the same way

[00:11:35] as astronomers to probe a different aspect of dark matter

[00:11:38] because they showcase the fingerprint of dark matter's gravitational

[00:11:41] effects on smaller scales.

[00:11:44] With images taken through six different color filters mounted

[00:11:47] on the largest camera ever built for astronomy,

[00:11:50] the Viracy Rubin Observatory's upcoming large survey of space

[00:11:53] and time will reveal never-before-seen stellar streams

[00:11:56] around the Milky Way and the telltale effects

[00:11:59] of their interactions with dark matter.

[00:12:02] Like the rising of rivers that glitter in sunlight,

[00:12:05] stellar streams trace sparkling arcs throughout and around our galaxy.

[00:12:08] They're composed of stars originally bound in globular clusters

[00:12:11] or dwarf galaxies, but which have been disrupted by

[00:12:14] gravitational interactions with our own galaxy

[00:12:17] and drawn into long trailing lines.

[00:12:20] And these slender trails of stars often show signs of disturbance.

[00:12:23] And astronomers suspect that in many cases,

[00:12:26] dark matter could be the culprit.

[00:12:29] The Viracy Rubin Observatory will provide a wealth of data

[00:12:32] to illuminate stellar streams and hopefully their complex

[00:12:35] interactions with dark matter.

[00:12:38] Located in Chile, the observatory will use an 8.4-meter telescope

[00:12:41] equipped with the largest digital camera in the world

[00:12:44] in order to conduct a 10-year survey of the entire southern

[00:12:47] hemisphere sky beginning next year.

[00:12:50] The resulting data will make it easier than ever for scientists

[00:12:53] to isolate stellar streams among and beyond the Milky Way

[00:12:56] and examine them for signs of dark matter disruption.

[00:12:59] The co-convener of the Dark Matter Working Group

[00:13:02] in the Rubin Observatory, Nora Schipp from Carnegie Mellon University,

[00:13:05] says that Rubin will help scientists figure out

[00:13:08] how dark matter is distributed in our galaxy

[00:13:11] from the largest scales down to the very small.

[00:13:14] Right now, the evidence suggests that a spherical halo of dark matter

[00:13:17] surrounds the Milky Way made up of smaller dark matter clumps.

[00:13:20] These clumps interact with other structures

[00:13:23] disrupting their gravitational dynamics and changing

[00:13:26] their observed appearance.

[00:13:29] In the case of stellar streams, the results of dark matter interactions

[00:13:32] could appear as kinks or gaps in the starry trails.

[00:13:35] The Rubin Observatory's incredibly detailed images

[00:13:38] will make it possible for astronomers to identify and examine

[00:13:41] very subtle irregularities in stellar streams

[00:13:44] and thus infer the properties of the low-mass dark matter clumps

[00:13:47] that cause them, even possibly narrowing down exactly

[00:13:50] to what type of particles these clumps are made from.

[00:13:53] Stellar streams in the outer regions of the Milky Way

[00:13:56] are especially good candidates for observing the effects of dark matter

[00:13:59] because they are less likely to have been affected by interactions

[00:14:02] with other parts of the Milky Way, which could confuse the picture.

[00:14:05] Rubin will be able to detect stellar streams

[00:14:08] up to distances five times further than what we can see now.

[00:14:11] That'll allow astronomers to discover and observe

[00:14:14] an entirely new population of stellar streams.

[00:14:17] So to isolate stellar streams, astronomers first search

[00:14:20] for groups of stars with specific properties that indicate

[00:14:23] that they likely belong together as either a globular cluster

[00:14:26] or a dwarf galaxy. They then analyse the motion

[00:14:29] and other properties of these stars, which will identify

[00:14:32] those connected as a stream.

[00:14:35] Among the six colour filters on the Rubin Observatory's

[00:14:38] 3200 megapixel camera is an ultraviolet filter.

[00:14:41] And that ultraviolet filter is important because

[00:14:44] it'll provide crucial information on the blue-ultraviolet

[00:14:47] end of the light spectrum that will enable astronomers to

[00:14:50] distinguish subtle differences and untangle the stars in the stream

[00:14:53] from lookalike stars in the background field of the Milky Way.

[00:14:56] Schipp says Rubin will provide scientists

[00:14:59] with thousands of deep images, giving them a clearer view

[00:15:02] of stellar streams than ever before.

[00:15:05] I'm really excited about using stellar streams to learn about dark matter.

[00:15:08] With Rubin Observatory we'll be able to use them to figure out how

[00:15:11] dark matter is distributed in our galaxy from the largest scales

[00:15:14] down to very small scales. By observing stellar streams we'll be able

[00:15:17] to take indirect measurements of the Milky Way's dark matter clumps

[00:15:20] down to masses lower than ever before, giving us really good

[00:15:23] constraints on the particle properties of dark matter.

[00:15:26] Right now it's a really labour-intensive process to pick out potential

[00:15:29] streams by eye and Rubin's large volume of data

[00:15:32] presents an exciting opportunity to think of new, more automated

[00:15:35] ways to identify streams. That's Nora Schipp from the Carnegie Mellon

[00:15:38] University. She's co-convener of the Dark Matter Working Group

[00:15:41] in the Rubin Observatory and the Dark Matter Energy Science Collaboration.

[00:15:44] This is Space Time.

[00:15:47] And time now to take another brief look

[00:16:05] at some of the other stories making news in science this week

[00:16:08] with the Science Report.

[00:16:11] A new study has found that heat waves during the four hottest months

[00:16:14] of the year lead to more than 150,000 deaths around the world

[00:16:17] annually. The findings by scientists at Monash

[00:16:20] University looked at deaths going back over 30 years

[00:16:23] to 1990. The authors say this equates

[00:16:26] to some 236 deaths for every 10 million residents.

[00:16:29] The findings reported in the journal

[00:16:32] PLOS Medicine suggest that heat waves account for some

[00:16:35] 30% of all heat-related deaths every year.

[00:16:38] For Australia and New Zealand, the authors have estimated

[00:16:41] there are some 137 deaths for every 10 million residents

[00:16:44] each summer. The study found that heat wave

[00:16:47] related excess death ratio and rate were the highest

[00:16:50] in locations with polar and alpine climates

[00:16:53] and lowest in tropical areas.

[00:16:56] Scientists have confirmed that one of the world's most

[00:16:59] iconic trees, the boab, originated in Madagascar.

[00:17:02] These spectacular trees, which are

[00:17:05] instantly recognisable because of their unusually fat trunks

[00:17:08] are found across Africa as well as on the island of Madagascar

[00:17:11] and are also common in the Kimberley region of north-western

[00:17:14] Australia. The origins of these trees is

[00:17:17] not well understood, but now scientists have looked

[00:17:20] at the DNA and ecology of all eight boab species

[00:17:23] and say they probably first evolved in Madagascar

[00:17:26] before spreading to mainland Africa and then Australia.

[00:17:29] But all is not well for the Madagascan

[00:17:32] boabs. The ecological data suggests

[00:17:35] that two endangered species there are highly inbred

[00:17:38] meaning their genetic diversity is very low and

[00:17:41] declining numbers of these trees mean that's likely to get

[00:17:44] far worse. You see, high genetic diversity

[00:17:47] makes plants more resilient to changes in climate and other ecological

[00:17:50] conditions so these species are likely to struggle to

[00:17:53] survive as global warming continues increasing.

[00:17:56] Google's coming in for more

[00:17:59] sharp criticism after video went viral of the Google

[00:18:02] Nest assistant refusing to answer basic questions about

[00:18:05] the Holocaust in which 6 million Jews were murdered by the Nazis

[00:18:08] during and in the build-up to World War II.

[00:18:11] But Google's Nest had no problem answering questions about the Nakba

[00:18:14] which refers to Arab states' rejection of the UN petition

[00:18:17] creating separate Jewish and Islamic states out of

[00:18:20] traditional Jewish homelands which triggered an Arab invasion

[00:18:23] of the newborn Jewish state in 1948.

[00:18:26] Instagram user Michael Affel asked the Google Nest

[00:18:29] virtual assistant, hey Google, how many Jews were killed by the

[00:18:32] Nazis? And amazingly Google responded

[00:18:35] I'm sorry, I don't understand.

[00:18:38] Now the same token answer was offered to other related questions

[00:18:41] such as how many Jews were killed during World War II?

[00:18:44] Who did Adolf Hitler try to kill? How many Jews were killed

[00:18:47] in concentration camps? How many Jews were killed in the Holocaust?

[00:18:50] And what was the Holocaust?

[00:18:53] A video showing how poisonous garbage in garbage art computer

[00:18:56] programming has become was posted 2x by

[00:18:59] venture capitalist Josh Wolf.

[00:19:02] And while we're on the subject, the artificial intelligence

[00:19:05] wars are heating up with the launch of both the

[00:19:08] chat GPT-4 Omni and Google's Project Astra

[00:19:11] taking place just hours apart.

[00:19:14] But with a work cancer spreading through tech companies

[00:19:17] and plenty of evidence that AIs can both lie and deceive

[00:19:20] can anything that artificial intelligence tells us really be trusted?

[00:19:23] With the details we're joined by technology editor

[00:19:26] Alex Zaharoff-Reut from TechAdvice.life

[00:19:29] Well last week we had a huge boost in AI

[00:19:32] so we had chat GPT launch GPT-4

[00:19:35] Omni. Now they didn't call it GPT 4.5

[00:19:38] or 5.0 but it is a serious update

[00:19:41] over the previous GPT-4 Turbo

[00:19:44] and GPT-4 models launched in 2023

[00:19:47] So now the voice is much more human

[00:19:50] you can now interrupt the voice, you don't have to wait 2 or 3 seconds

[00:19:53] for it to respond. It is able to see

[00:19:56] the world a bit like the AI in the movie

[00:19:59] Herm which is only sort of 10 years old and now we actually

[00:20:02] have an AI that can do that and chat GPT-4 Omni

[00:20:05] is going to be free. So if you were using chat GPT-3.5

[00:20:08] before and you were paying to get version 4

[00:20:11] you can now get 4 Omni which is even better for free

[00:20:14] Obviously if you do pay you'll get priority access

[00:20:17] you'll only get limited access to 4 Omni but this is a quantum

[00:20:20] leap in the capability of the AI

[00:20:23] and Google struck back. I mean OpenAI launched

[00:20:26] their version a day before the Google I.O conference

[00:20:29] and Google showed very similar capabilities

[00:20:32] they have an AI called Project Astra that can see the world

[00:20:35] you can now search by video. So if something is happening you can

[00:20:38] record a video and say hey what's happening here how come my arm

[00:20:41] on the turntable is going straight to the end of the record

[00:20:44] why isn't it playing the record or you can ask it any sort of

[00:20:47] questions and you can show it photos or videos

[00:20:50] it can give you an answer, it can generate video

[00:20:53] But Google's had a bit of a problem recently. You ask Google

[00:20:56] about the Holocaust and it has no information on that event

[00:20:59] you ask it about NACPA and it has all the information

[00:21:02] you could possibly want. So there seems to be some sort of

[00:21:05] disparity there about who's programming it and the garbage

[00:21:08] going into it and the garbage coming out of it. Until they fix things

[00:21:11] like that can AI really be trusted for anything? This is going to be

[00:21:14] an ongoing problem but so far both chat GPT-4

[00:21:17] Omni and Google Gemini 1.5 Pro

[00:21:20] which has been updated from the previous version. This is the

[00:21:23] where George Washington was black. Yeah look that's for sure

[00:21:26] there's no question about that I mean we do have an issue where

[00:21:29] the AI has been programmed by woke people and is giving

[00:21:32] woke responses but this is something that Google themselves

[00:21:35] are going to have to figure out because if they don't people are

[00:21:38] going to choose chat GPT-4 Omni, they're going to choose

[00:21:41] something from Apple, they're going to choose something from a range of different

[00:21:44] providers, even open source providers who are going

[00:21:47] to be more trusted. So yeah this is definitely a case of

[00:21:50] the battle of the AI and which AI can be

[00:21:53] trusted. Garbage in garbage out. If the AI is

[00:21:56] woke and it gives you the wrong answers then you are

[00:21:59] definitely right not to trust it and this is going to be a

[00:22:02] big problem for AI systems in the future but this is where

[00:22:05] there's a lot of work with open source AIs. You don't have to

[00:22:08] fully trust the AI responses

[00:22:11] you can ask it, you can demand. Yeah but people aren't going

[00:22:14] to do that they're going to trust the information they're getting out of Google

[00:22:17] or whoever whether that information is accurate or not unfortunately

[00:22:20] and we're going to keep having problems like this. There's got to be

[00:22:23] some sort of a gold standard that can be set where we know

[00:22:26] the data coming out of any AI is

[00:22:29] unbiased, trusted and backed by history. Well look this

[00:22:32] is a problem that humanity is going to have to face

[00:22:35] over the next few months and years because

[00:22:38] if we are being fed incorrect information

[00:22:41] unless people are then making the wrong

[00:22:44] conclusions and getting the wrong information

[00:22:47] and not understanding how history works, well this is going to be a disaster.

[00:22:50] I mean there's no question that garbage in garbage out.

[00:22:53] We can see it now on our university campuses. Well we certainly

[00:22:56] can and this is where you know we need to have a radical

[00:22:59] reset of what it means to get a genuine

[00:23:02] education, what it means to understand the lessons of

[00:23:05] history, what it means when people are fed the wrong

[00:23:08] information and then there's the problem of wokeism.

[00:23:11] Endless problems which is propaganda

[00:23:14] that is giving people the wrong idea. I mean this is a problem

[00:23:17] that's been around for humanity for if not decades, centuries,

[00:23:20] millennia even. That's Alex Zaharoff-Royd

[00:23:23] from TechAdvice.life and that's

[00:23:41] the show for now. Space Time is available every

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